{"id":2698,"date":"2026-01-12T09:35:27","date_gmt":"2026-01-12T08:35:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/acriv.org\/WP\/?page_id=2698"},"modified":"2026-01-12T09:54:34","modified_gmt":"2026-01-12T08:54:34","slug":"%f0%9f%9a%a8tem","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/acriv.org\/WP\/%f0%9f%9a%a8tem\/","title":{"rendered":"\ud83d\udea8TEM"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"423\" height=\"251\" src=\"https:\/\/acriv.org\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2699\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.6852692512843548;width:295px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/acriv.org\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-2.png 423w, https:\/\/acriv.org\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-2-300x178.png 300w, https:\/\/acriv.org\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-2-310x184.png 310w, https:\/\/acriv.org\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-2-150x89.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 423px) 100vw, 423px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-a6dbf9a9823b3bb925258919bc1a7a4e\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/acriv.org\/WP\/%f0%9f%9a%a8cas-pratique-vfr-tem\/\">>> EXEMPLE VFR-TEM POUR LE PILOTE &lt;&lt;<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Principe g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du TEM<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Le TEM repose sur une logique simple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Menace \u2192 Erreur \u2192 \u00c9tat ind\u00e9sirable de l\u2019avion \u2192 Accident (si non ma\u00eetris\u00e9)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le pilote n\u2019est pas jug\u00e9 sur l\u2019absence d\u2019erreurs, mais sur sa <strong>capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 g\u00e9rer les menaces et \u00e0 r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer les erreurs<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Les menaces (Threats)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1 D\u00e9finition<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Une <strong>menace<\/strong> est tout facteur externe au pilote qui augmente la complexit\u00e9 du vol et n\u00e9cessite une attention ou une action particuli\u00e8re.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Une menace n\u2019est pas une erreur tant qu\u2019elle est anticip\u00e9e et ma\u00eetris\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2 Typologie des menaces<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A. Menaces environnementales<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>M\u00e9t\u00e9o d\u00e9grad\u00e9e ou \u00e9volutive (vent fort, plafond bas, visibilit\u00e9 marginale)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Turbulence, relief, obstacles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Densit\u00e9 du trafic, zones r\u00e9glement\u00e9es<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00c9clairage d\u00e9ficient (cr\u00e9puscule, nuit)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B. Menaces techniques<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Avion peu familier<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Instrumentation partielle ou d\u00e9grad\u00e9e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Performances limit\u00e9es (masse, centrage, altitude densit\u00e9)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maintenance r\u00e9cente ou diff\u00e9r\u00e9e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C. Menaces op\u00e9rationnelles<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Terrain court ou encombr\u00e9<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Proc\u00e9dures complexes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pression temporelle (retard, cr\u00e9neau m\u00e9t\u00e9o)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Navigation exigeante (zones, radio, espaces a\u00e9riens)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D. Menaces humaines et organisationnelles<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fatigue, stress, surcharge cognitive<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Passagers (pression, distraction)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Auto-pression (\u201cil faut rentrer\u201d)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Formation insuffisante ou r\u00e9cente<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Les erreurs (Errors)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1 D\u00e9finition<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Une <strong>erreur<\/strong> est une action ou une inaction du pilote qui <strong>d\u00e9vie des intentions ou des proc\u00e9dures<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.2 Types d\u2019erreurs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A. Erreurs de pilotage<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mauvaise tenue d\u2019axe ou d\u2019altitude<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Approche non stabilis\u00e9e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gestion inadapt\u00e9e de la puissance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B. Erreurs de d\u00e9cision<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Continuer en m\u00e9t\u00e9o marginale<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Choisir une piste inadapt\u00e9e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Renoncer trop tard \u00e0 une remise de gaz<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C. Erreurs de proc\u00e9dure<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Checklist incompl\u00e8te<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mauvaise configuration avion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Oubli carburant, volets, pompe, r\u00e9chauffage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D. Erreurs de communication<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mauvaise compr\u00e9hension radio<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Absence d\u2019annonce en auto-information<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hypoth\u00e8ses non v\u00e9rifi\u00e9es<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. \u00c9tats ind\u00e9sirables de l\u2019avion (Undesired Aircraft States)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.1 D\u00e9finition<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Situation o\u00f9 l\u2019avion est dans une <strong>configuration ou une trajectoire non souhait\u00e9e<\/strong>, n\u00e9cessitant une correction imm\u00e9diate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.2 Exemples en aviation l\u00e9g\u00e8re<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Approche trop haute, trop rapide ou trop lente<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Avion mal configur\u00e9 en finale<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00c9cart important de route ou d\u2019altitude<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D\u00e9sorientation spatiale d\u00e9butante<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u00c0 ce stade, l\u2019objectif n\u2019est plus d\u2019analyser, mais de <strong>reprendre le contr\u00f4le<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Gestion des menaces : comp\u00e9tences cl\u00e9s \u00e0 enseigner<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.1 Anticipation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Briefing m\u00e9t\u00e9o et navigation orient\u00e9 risques<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Identification des \u00ab points durs \u00bb du vol<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Marges de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 explicites (carburant, m\u00e9t\u00e9o, performances)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.2 D\u00e9tection<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Auto-surveillance continue<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Signaux faibles (charge mentale, stress, tunnel attentionnel)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00c9cart progressif par rapport au plan initial<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.3 R\u00e9cup\u00e9ration<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Remise de gaz assum\u00e9e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D\u00e9routement sans justification \u00e9motionnelle<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pause mentale (aviate, navigate, communicate)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Outils TEM concrets pour le pilote VFR<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Briefing TEM avant vol :<br><em>Quelles menaces ? Quelles parades ?<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Utilisation syst\u00e9matique des check-lists<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>R\u00e8gles personnelles (minima m\u00e9t\u00e9o, carburant, fatigue)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Culture du renoncement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D\u00e9briefing post-vol orient\u00e9 TEM (menaces rencontr\u00e9es, erreurs r\u00e9cup\u00e9r\u00e9es)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. Message cl\u00e9 pour un pilote<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Les menaces sont <strong>normales et permanentes<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L\u2019erreur est <strong>humaine<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L\u2019accident survient quand <strong>la gestion \u00e9choue<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Un bon pilote est celui qui <strong>voit venir<\/strong>, <strong>corrige t\u00f4t<\/strong>, et <strong>renonce sans h\u00e9siter<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>>> EXEMPLE VFR-TEM POUR LE PILOTE &lt;&lt; 1. Principe g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du TEM Le TEM repose sur une logique simple : Menace \u2192 Erreur \u2192 \u00c9tat ind\u00e9sirable de l\u2019avion \u2192 Accident (si non ma\u00eetris\u00e9) Le pilote n\u2019est pas jug\u00e9 sur l\u2019absence d\u2019erreurs, mais sur sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 g\u00e9rer les menaces et \u00e0 r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer les erreurs. 2. Les menaces (Threats) 2.1 D\u00e9finition<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/acriv.org\/WP\/%f0%9f%9a%a8tem\/\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2698","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/acriv.org\/WP\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2698","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/acriv.org\/WP\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/acriv.org\/WP\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acriv.org\/WP\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acriv.org\/WP\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2698"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/acriv.org\/WP\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2698\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2709,"href":"https:\/\/acriv.org\/WP\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2698\/revisions\/2709"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/acriv.org\/WP\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2698"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}